# The Java EE 7 Tutorial

# 38.1 The order Application

The `order` application is a simple inventory and ordering application for maintaining a catalog of parts and placing an itemized order of those parts. The application has entities that represent parts, vendors, orders, and line items. These entities are accessed using a stateful session bean that holds the business logic of the application. A simple singleton session bean creates the initial entities on application deployment. A Facelets web application manipulates the data and displays data from the catalog.

The information contained in an order can be divided into elements. What is the order number? What parts are included in the order? What parts make up that part? Who makes the part? What are the specifications for the part? Are there any schematics for the part? The `order` application is a simplified version of an ordering system that has all these elements.

The `order` application consists of a single WAR module that includes the enterprise bean classes, the entities, the support classes, and the Facelets XHTML and class files.

The database schema in the Java DB database for `order` is shown in Figure 38-1.

Figure 38-1 Database Schema for the order Application

Description of "Figure 38-1 Database Schema for the order Application"

Note: In this diagram, for simplicity, the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_` prefix is omitted from the table names.

## 38.1.1 Entity Relationships in the order Application

The `order` application demonstrates several types of entity relationships: self-referential, one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and unidirectional relationships.

### 38.1.1.1 Self-Referential Relationships

A self-referential relationship occurs between relationship fields in the same entity. `Part` has a field, `bomPart`, which has a one-to-many relationship with the field `parts`, which is also in `Part`. That is, a part can be made up of many parts, and each of those parts has exactly one bill-of-material part.

The primary key for `Part` is a compound primary key, a combination of the `partNumber` and `revision` fields. This key is mapped to the `PARTNUMBER` and `REVISION` columns in the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART` table:

    ...
    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="BOMPARTNUMBER", referencedColumnName="PARTNUMBER"),
        @JoinColumn(name="BOMREVISION", referencedColumnName="REVISION")
    })
    public Part getBomPart() {
        return bomPart;
    }
    ...
    @OneToMany(mappedBy="bomPart")
    public Collection<Part> getParts() {
        return parts;
    }
    ...

### 38.1.1.2 One-to-One Relationships

`Part` has a field, `vendorPart`, that has a one-to-one relationship with `VendorPart`'s `part` field. That is, each part has exactly one vendor part, and vice versa.

Here is the relationship mapping in `Part`:

    @OneToOne(mappedBy="part")
    public VendorPart getVendorPart() {
        return vendorPart;
    }

Here is the relationship mapping in `VendorPart`:

    @OneToOne
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="PARTNUMBER", referencedColumnName="PARTNUMBER"),
        @JoinColumn(name="PARTREVISION", referencedColumnName="REVISION")
    })
    public Part getPart() {
        return part;
    }

Note that, because `Part` uses a compound primary key, the `@JoinColumns` annotation is used to map the columns in the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_VENDOR_PART` table to the columns in `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART`. The `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_VENDOR_PART` table's `PARTREVISION` column refers to `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART`'s `REVISION` column.

### 38.1.1.3 One-to-Many Relationship Mapped to Overlapping Primary and Foreign Keys

`CustomerOrder` has a field, `lineItems`, that has a one-to-many relationship with `LineItem`'s field `customerOrder`. That is, each order has one or more line item.

`LineItem` uses a compound primary key that is made up of the `orderId` and `itemId` fields. This compound primary key maps to the `ORDERID` and `ITEMID` columns in the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_LINEITEM` table. `ORDERID` is a foreign key to the `ORDERID` column in the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_CUSTOMERORDER` table. This means that the `ORDERID` column is mapped twice: once as a primary key field, `orderId`; and again as a relationship field, `order`.

Here is the relationship mapping in `CustomerOrder`:

    @OneToMany(cascade=ALL, mappedBy="customerOrder")
    public Collection<LineItem> getLineItems() {
        return lineItems;
    }

Here is the relationship mapping in `LineItem`:

    @Id
    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumn(name="ORDERID")
    public CustomerOrder getCustomerOrder() {
        return customerOrder;
    }

### 38.1.1.4 Unidirectional Relationships

`LineItem` has a field, `vendorPart`, that has a unidirectional many-to-one relationship with `VendorPart`. That is, there is no field in the target entity in this relationship:

    @JoinColumn(name="VENDORPARTNUMBER")
    @ManyToOne
    public VendorPart getVendorPart() {
        return vendorPart;
    }

## 38.1.2 Primary Keys in the order Application

The `order` application uses several types of primary keys: single-valued primary keys, generated primary keys, and compound primary keys.

### 38.1.2.1 Generated Primary Keys

`VendorPart` uses a generated primary key value. That is, the application does not assign primary key values for the entities but instead relies on the persistence provider to generate the primary key values. The `@GeneratedValue` annotation is used to specify that an entity will use a generated primary key.

In `VendorPart`, the following code specifies the settings for generating primary key values:

    @TableGenerator(
        name="vendorPartGen",
        table="PERSISTENCE_ORDER_SEQUENCE_GENERATOR",
        pkColumnName="GEN_KEY",
        valueColumnName="GEN_VALUE",
        pkColumnValue="VENDOR_PART_ID",
        allocationSize=10)
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.TABLE, generator="vendorPartGen")
    public Long getVendorPartNumber() {
        return vendorPartNumber;
    }

The `@TableGenerator` annotation is used in conjunction with `@GeneratedValue`'s `strategy=TABLE` element. That is, the strategy used to generate the primary keys is to use a table in the database. The `@TableGenerator` annotation is used to configure the settings for the generator table. The name element sets the name of the generator, which is `vendorPartGen` in `VendorPart`.

The `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_SEQUENCE_GENERATOR` table, whose two columns are `GEN_KEY` and `GEN_VALUE`, will store the generated primary key values. This table could be used to generate other entities' primary keys, so the `pkColumnValue` element is set to `VENDOR_PART_ID` to distinguish this entity's generated primary keys from other entities' generated primary keys. The `allocationSize` element specifies the amount to increment when allocating primary key values. In this case, each `VendorPart`'s primary key will increment by 10.

The primary key field `vendorPartNumber` is of type `Long`, as the generated primary key's field must be an integral type.

### 38.1.2.2 Compound Primary Keys

A compound primary key is made up of multiple fields and follows the requirements described in Primary Keys in Entities. To use a compound primary key, you must create a wrapper class.

In `order`, two entities use compound primary keys: `Part` and `LineItem`.

- `Part` uses the `PartKey` wrapper class. `Part`'s primary key is a combination of the part number and the revision number. `PartKey` encapsulates this primary key.

- `LineItem` uses the `LineItemKey` class. `LineItem`'s primary key is a combination of the order number and the item number. `LineItemKey` encapsulates this primary key.

This is the `LineItemKey` compound primary key wrapper class:

    package javaeetutorial.order.entity;

    import java.io.Serializable;

    public final class LineItemKey implements Serializable {

        private Integer customerOrder;
        private int itemId;

        public LineItemKey() {}

        public LineItemKey(Integer order, int itemId) {
            this.setCustomerOrder(order);
            this.setItemId(itemId);
        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return ((this.getCustomerOrder() == null
                    ? 0 : this.getCustomerOrder().hashCode())
                    ^ ((int) this.getItemId()));
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object otherOb) {
            if (this == otherOb) {
                return true;
            }
            if (!(otherOb instanceof LineItemKey)) {
                return false;
            }
            LineItemKey other = (LineItemKey) otherOb;
            return ((this.getCustomerOrder() == null
                    ? other.getCustomerOrder == null : this.getOrderId()
                    .equals(other.getCustomerOrder()))
                    && (this.getItemId == oother.getItemId()));
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "" + getCustomerOrder() + "-" + getItemId();
        }

        public Integer getCustomerOrder() {
            return customerOrder;
        }

        public void setCustomerOrder(Integer order) {
            this.customerOrder = order;
        }

        public int getItemId() {
            return itemId;
        }

        public void setItemId(int itemId) {
            this.itemId = itemId;
        }
    }

The `@IdClass` annotation is used to specify the primary key class in the entity class. In `LineItem`, `@IdClass` is used as follows:

    @IdClass(LineItemKey.class)
    @Entity
    ...
    public class LineItem implements Serializable {
        ...
    }

The two fields in `LineItem` are tagged with the `@Id` annotation to mark those fields as part of the compound primary key:

    @Id
    public int getItemId() {
        return itemId;
    }
    ...
    @Id
    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumn(name="ORDERID")
    public CustomerOrder getCustomerOrder() {
        return customerOrder;
    }

For `customerOrder`, you also use the `@JoinColumn` annotation to specify the column name in the table and that this column is an overlapping foreign key pointing at the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_CUSTOMERORDER` table's `ORDERID` column (see One-to-Many Relationship Mapped to Overlapping Primary and Foreign Keys). That is, `customerOrder` will be set by the `CustomerOrder` entity.

In `LineItem`'s constructor, the line item number (`LineItem.itemId`) is set using the `CustomerOrder.getNextId` method:

    public LineItem(CustomerOrder order, int quantity, VendorPart vendorPart) {
        this.customerOrder = order;
        this.itemId = order.getNextId();
        this.quantity = quantity;
        this.vendorPart = vendorPart;
    }

`CustomerOrder.getNextId` counts the number of current line items, adds 1, and returns that number:

    @Transient
    public int getNextId() {
        return this.lineItems.size() + 1;
    }

`Part` requires the `@Column` annotation on the two fields that comprise `Part`'s compound primary key, because `Part`'s compound primary key is an overlapping primary key/foreign key:

    @IdClass(PartKey.class)
    @Entity
    ...
    public class Part implements Serializable {
        ...
        @Id
        @Column(nullable=false)
        public String getPartNumber() {
            return partNumber;
        }
        ...
        @Id
        @Column(nullable=false)
        public int getRevision() {
            return revision;
        }
        ...
    }

## 38.1.3 Entity Mapped to More Than One Database Table

`Part`'s fields map to more than one database table: `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART` and `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL`. The `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL` table holds the specification and schematics for the part. The `@SecondaryTable` annotation is used to specify the secondary table:

    ...
    @Entity
    @Table(name="PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART")
    @SecondaryTable(name="PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL", pkJoinColumns={
        @PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(name="PARTNUMBER",
            referencedColumnName="PARTNUMBER"),
        @PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(name="REVISION",
            referencedColumnName="REVISION")
    })
    public class Part implements Serializable {
        ...
    }

`PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL` and `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART` share the same primary key values. The `pkJoinColumns` element of `@SecondaryTable` is used to specify that `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL`'s primary key columns are foreign keys to `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART`. The `@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn` annotation sets the primary key column names and specifies which column in the primary table the column refers to. In this case, the primary key column names for both `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL` and `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART` are the same: `PARTNUMBER` and `REVISION`, respectively.

## 38.1.4 Cascade Operations in the order Application

Entities that have relationships to other entities often have dependencies on the existence of the other entity in the relationship. For example, a line item is part of an order; if the order is deleted, then the line item also should be deleted. This is called a cascade delete relationship.

In `order`, there are two cascade delete dependencies in the entity relationships. If the `CustomerOrder` to which a `LineItem` is related is deleted, the `LineItem` also should be deleted. If the `Vendor` to which a `VendorPart` is related is deleted, the `VendorPart` also should be deleted.

You specify the cascade operations for entity relationships by setting the `cascade` element in the inverse (nonowning) side of the relationship. The cascade element is set to `ALL` in the case of `CustomerOrder.lineItems`. This means that all persistence operations (deletes, updates, and so on) are cascaded from orders to line items.

Here is the relationship mapping in `CustomerOrder`:

    @OneToMany(cascade=ALL, mappedBy="customerOrder")
    public Collection<LineItem> getLineItems() {
        return lineItems;
    }

Here is the relationship mapping in `LineItem`:

    @Id
    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumn(name="ORDERID")
    public CustomerOrder getCustomerOrder() {
        return customerOrder;
    }

## 38.1.5 BLOB and CLOB Database Types in the order Application

The `PARTDETAIL` table in the database has a column, `DRAWING`, of type `BLOB`. `BLOB` stands for binary large objects, which are used for storing binary data, such as an image. The `DRAWING` column is mapped to the field `Part.drawing` of type `java.io.Serializable`. The `@Lob` annotation is used to denote that the field is a large object:

    @Column(table="PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL")
    @Lob
    public Serializable getDrawing() {
        return drawing;
    }

`PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL` also has a column, `SPECIFICATION`, of type `CLOB`. `CLOB` stands for character large objects, which are used to store string data too large to be stored in a `VARCHAR` column. `SPECIFICATION` is mapped to the field `Part.specification` of type `java.lang.String`. The `@Lob` annotation is also used here to denote that the field is a large object:

    @Column(table="PERSISTENCE_ORDER_PART_DETAIL")
    @Lob
    public String getSpecification() {
        return specification;
    }

Both of these fields use the `@Column` annotation and set the `table` element to the secondary table.

## 38.1.6 Temporal Types in the order Application

The `CustomerOrder.lastUpdate` persistent property, which is of type `java.util.Date`, is mapped to the `PERSISTENCE_ORDER_CUSTOMERORDER.LASTUPDATE` database field, which is of the SQL type `TIMESTAMP`. To ensure the proper mapping between these types, you must use the `@Temporal` annotation with the proper temporal type specified in `@Temporal`'s element. `@Temporal`'s elements are of type `javax.persistence.TemporalType`. The possible values are

- `DATE`, which maps to `java.sql.Date`

- `TIME`, which maps to `java.sql.Time`

- `TIMESTAMP`, which maps to `java.sql.Timestamp`

Here is the relevant section of `CustomerOrder`:

    @Temporal(TIMESTAMP)
    public Date getLastUpdate() {
        return lastUpdate;
    }

## 38.1.7 Managing the order Application's Entities

The `RequestBean` stateful session bean contains the business logic and manages the entities of `order`. `RequestBean` uses the `@PersistenceContext` annotation to retrieve an entity manager instance, which is used to manage `order`'s entities in `RequestBean`'s business methods:

    @PersistenceContext
    private EntityManager em;

This `EntityManager` instance is a container-managed entity manager, so the container takes care of all the transactions involved in managing `order`'s entities.

### 38.1.7.1 Creating Entities

The `RequestBean.createPart` business method creates a new `Part` entity. The `EntityManager.persist` method is used to persist the newly created entity to the database:

    Part part = new Part(partNumber,
            revision,
            description,
            revisionDate,
            specification,
            drawing);
    em.persist(part);

The `ConfigBean` singleton session bean is used to initialize the data in `order`. `ConfigBean` is annotated with `@Startup`, which indicates that the EJB container should create `ConfigBean` when `order` is deployed. The `createData` method is annotated with `@PostConstruct` and creates the initial entities used by `order` by calling `RequestBean`'s business methods.

### 38.1.7.2 Finding Entities

The `RequestBean.getOrderPrice` business method returns the price of a given order based on the `orderId`. The `EntityManager.find` method is used to retrieve the entity from the database:

    CustomerOrder order = em.find(CustomerOrder.class, orderId);

The first argument of `EntityManager.find` is the entity class, and the second is the primary key.

### 38.1.7.3 Setting Entity Relationships

The `RequestBean.createVendorPart` business method creates a `VendorPart` associated with a particular `Vendor`. The `EntityManager.persist` method is used to persist the newly created `VendorPart` entity to the database, and the `VendorPart.setVendor` and `Vendor.setVendorPart` methods are used to associate the `VendorPart` with the `Vendor`:

    PartKey pkey = new PartKey();
    pkey.setPartNumber(partNumber);
    pkey.setRevision(revision);

    Part part = em.find(Part.class, pkey);

    VendorPart vendorPart = new VendorPart(description, price, part);
    em.persist(vendorPart);

    Vendor vendor = em.find(Vendor.class, vendorId);
    vendor.addVendorPart(vendorPart);
    vendorPart.setVendor(vendor);

### 38.1.7.4 Using Queries

The `RequestBean.adjustOrderDiscount` business method updates the discount applied to all orders. This method uses the `findAllOrders` named query, defined in `CustomerOrder`:

    @NamedQuery(
        name="findAllOrders",
        query="SELECT co FROM CustomerOrder co " +
              "ORDER BY co.orderId"
    )

The `EntityManager.createNamedQuery` method is used to run the query. Because the query returns a `List` of all the orders, the `Query.getResultList` method is used:

    List orders = em.createNamedQuery(
            "findAllOrders")
            .getResultList();

The `RequestBean.getTotalPricePerVendor` business method returns the total price of all the parts for a particular vendor. This method uses a named parameter, `id`, defined in the named query `findTotalVendorPartPricePerVendor` defined in `VendorPart`:

    @NamedQuery(
        name="findTotalVendorPartPricePerVendor",
        query="SELECT SUM(vp.price) " +
        "FROM VendorPart vp " +
        "WHERE vp.vendor.vendorId = :id"
    )

When running the query, the `Query.setParameter` method is used to set the named parameter `id` to the value of `vendorId`, the parameter to `RequestBean.getTotalPricePerVendor`:

    return (Double) em.createNamedQuery(
        "findTotalVendorPartPricePerVendor")
        .setParameter("id", vendorId)
        .getSingleResult();

The `Query.getSingleResult` method is used for this query because the query returns a single value.

### 38.1.7.5 Removing Entities

The `RequestBean.removeOrder` business method deletes a given order from the database. This method uses the `EntityManager.remove` method to delete the entity from the database:

    CustomerOrder order = em.find(CustomerOrder.class, orderId);
    em.remove(order);

## 38.1.8 Running the order Example

You can use either NetBeans IDE or Maven to build, package, deploy, and run the `order` application. First, you will create the database tables in the Java DB server.

### 38.1.8.1 To Run the order Example Using NetBeans IDE

1. Make sure that GlassFish Server has been started (see Starting and Stopping GlassFish Server).

2. If the database server is not already running, start it by following the instructions in Starting and Stopping the Java DB Server.

3. From the File menu, choose Open Project.

4. In the Open Project dialog box, navigate to:

       tut-install/examples/persistence

5. Select the `order` folder.

6. Click Open Project.

7. In the Projects tab, right-click the `order` project and select Run.

   NetBeans IDE opens a web browser to the following URL:

       http://localhost:8080/order/

### 38.1.8.2 To Run the order Example Using Maven

1. Make sure that GlassFish Server has been started (see Starting and Stopping GlassFish Server).

2. If the database server is not already running, start it by following the instructions in Starting and Stopping the Java DB Server.

3. In a terminal window, go to:

       tut-install/examples/persistence/order/

4. Enter the following command:

       mvn install

   This compiles the source files and packages the application into a WAR file located at tut-install`/examples/persistence/order/target/order.war`. Then the WAR file is deployed to your GlassFish Server instance.

5. To create and update the order data, open a web browser to the following URL:

       http://localhost:8080/order/